A 100-Year Review: The production of fluid (market) milk

During the first 100 years of the Journal of Dairy Science, dairy foods and dairy production dairy scientists have partnered to publish new data and research results that have fostered the development of new knowledge. This knowledge has been the underpinning of both the commercial development of the fluid milk processing industry and regulations and marketing policies for the benefit of dairy farmers, processors, and consumers. During the first 50 years, most of the focus was on producing and delivering high-quality raw milk to factories and improving the shelf life of pasteurized fluid milk. During the second 50 years, raw milk quality was further improved through the use of milk quality payment incentives. Due to changing demographics and lifestyle, whole fluid milk consumption declined and processing technologies were developed to increase the range of fluid milk products (skim and low-fat milks, flavored milks, lactose-reduced milk, long-shelf-life milks, and milks with higher protein and calcium contents) offered to the consumer. In addition, technology to produce specialty high-protein sports beverages was developed, which expanded the milk-based beverage offerings to the consumer.     

Simultaneous contrast: Evidence from licking microstructure and cross-solution comparisons.

The microstructure of rats' licking responses was analyzed to investigate both “classic” simultaneous contrast (e.g., Flaherty & Largen, 1975) and a novel discrete-trial contrast procedure where access to an 8% test solution of sucrose was preceded by a sample of either 2%, 8%, or 32% sucrose (Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Consumption of a given concentration of sucrose was higher when consumed alongside a low rather than high concentration comparison solution (positive contrast) and consumption of a given concentration of sucrose was lower when consumed alongside a high rather than a low concentration comparison solution (negative contrast). Furthermore, positive contrast increased the size of lick clusters while negative contrast decreased the size of lick clusters. Lick cluster size has a positive monotonic relationship with the concentration of palatable solutions and so positive and negative contrasts produced changes in lick cluster size that were analogous to raising or lowering the concentration of the test solution respectively. Experiment 3 utilized the discrete-trial procedure and compared contrast between two solutions of the same type (sucrose-sucrose or maltodextrin-maltodextrin) or contrast across solutions (sucrose-maltodextrin or maltodextrin-sucrose). Contrast effects on consumption were present, but reduced in size, in the cross-solution conditions. Moreover, lick cluster sizes were not affected at all by cross-solution contrasts as they were by same-solution contrasts. These results are consistent with the idea that simultaneous contrast effects depend, at least partially, on sensory mechanisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

外源信号物质对肉苁蓉种子萌发体的影响研究

肉苁蓉（Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma）是沙生根寄生植物。采用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（LSCM）,对种子经外源信号物质氟草敏（Norflurazon）、2,6-二甲氧基对苯醌（DMBQ）处理后萌发产生的类胚根状体、初生吸器的细胞形态;Ca2＋浓度、囊泡运输的变化情况进行了观察研究。结果表明,肉苁蓉种子萌发产生的类胚根状体顶部的细胞为多面体,细胞小,排列紧密,内含物较多,中部大多为长方形薄壁细胞,内含物少;经DMBQ处理后类胚根状体细胞的钙离子浓度升高,囊泡运输加强。研究结果为揭示外源信号物质对肉苁蓉寄生影响提供了理论依据。     

Characterization of aquatic humic substances

Aquatic natural organic matter (NOM) is composed of a large variety of compounds. In this study, NOM from Uzquiza Reservoir in Burgos (Spain) was fractionated using a resin adsorption procedure, and three humic substances – natural fulvic and humic acids (NFA and NHA, respectively) extracted from the mentioned reservoir and a commercially supplied humic acid (CHA) – were characterized by molecular weight (MW) distribution, elemental composition, organic acidity and ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that Uzquiza Reservoir NOM is mainly composed of fulvic acids (45%) and low MW hydrophilic acids (27%). MWs obtained are in the following order: CHA (4500 Da)>NHA (2500 Da)>NFA (1000 Da). Both humic acids (CHA and NHA) have the highest specific UV absorbance values (SUVA, an aromaticity indicator) whereas NFA shows a higher total and carboxylic acidity, which is in accordance with its higher solubility in water. Infrared spectra confirm these results.     

洗发水中去屑剂、有效物和表面活性剂调查

研究考察了78批次去屑洗发水中去屑剂(水杨酸、酮康唑、氯咪巴唑、吡罗克酮乙醇胺盐、二硫化硒和吡啶硫酮锌)的含量和44批次普通洗发水中有效物和表面活性剂的含量,结果表明绝大多数去屑剂和有效物的含量符合标准要求。吡啶硫酮锌是最常用的去屑剂,使用率达52.6%,其次是氯咪巴唑。44批次普通洗发水中有效物、阴离子和非离子表面活性剂的平均含量分别为14.1%、10.3%和2.2%,非知名品牌洗发水的平均有效物和表面活性剂含量低于名牌产品,宾馆用品则低于市售产品。     

建筑内外墙涂料强制性国家标准解读与对策

分别介绍了于2008年和2009年发布和实施的建筑用内外墙涂料中有害物质限量的强制性国家标准GB 18582—2008和GB 24408—2009的相关信息,对标准的适用范围、测试项目、限量值、测试方法等内容进行了分析说明,并与国内外相关标准、法规进行比较。提出了相关的对策。